| Chapter
11: NALLUR RAJDHANI NALLUR CITY LAYOUT
So far we have seen the historical
factors about Nallur Rajdhani and also several details about the city layout
and architectural norms, styles and patterns of the ancient hindus.
Further, in several places I have given some facts about the Nallur Rajdhani
that might have existed once. Now, let us review all those in detail.
The following can be called the very first step that I took up in examining
the layout of the city; that the market place of the city was situated
at the centre.
MARKET PLACE, CENTER OF THE CITY
AND THE MAIN ROADS:
Generally
market place would be situated in the region where the main roads converge.
This arrangement is important for the success of the market. The
fact that right from Anuradhapura which was one of the important big cities
of the Buddhists, in many an ancient city the market place was situated
in the region where the city's main roadways meet. That's why I
arrived at the conclusion that there must have been a market place in the
central part of Nallur Rajdhani. And, so I concluded that the
place called 'Muthirai Sandhai(market)' must be referring to
this market placementioned above. When we view the
city's layout with having the market place as the central part, its structural
order and regularity is clearly revealed. To put it more
effectively, the order and discipline of the city's layout originates from
this central point and this lands further strength to my conclusion. Secondly,
I arrived at the conclusion that the capital city of Nallur was divided
by two principal roadways. The following can be cited as
proofs for my contention:
That there were entrances at
the western and northern sides of the
Rajdhani is revealed by the
historical books and notes. The names of lands that
are in vogue in the eastern regions of the city such as Kottai Vaasal,
Kottai adi (Fort - Entrance, Fort - base) implied that there might have
been the eastern entrance in that region. As the historical
works hold that Veeramakaliyamman temple was safeguarding the west-side
entrance and the Saltanadhar temple stood for the safety of the Northern
entrance, I arrived at the conclusion that the Veiyilugandha
pillayar temple must have been guarding the east side entrance.
Historians claim that the king Singai Pararasasekaran had built those four
temples Veeramaakaliyamman temple, Sattanadhar temple, Veiyilugandha pillayar
temple and Kailasanadhar temple for safeguarding the city from all the
four directions. Taking this theory
into consideration I concluded
that there must have been a southern entrance to the Rajdhani and that
it must have been guarded by Kailasanadhar temple.
After deciding on these I went on
to conclude that because the Rajdhani had
four gateways the city should
have been divided by the two main - North
South, East West roadways
that connect the four entrances to the city.
After arriving at the conclusion
that the city was thus divided by the two
principal roadways it became easy
to go from there and reach the that the market place was situated
in the region where the two main roads
converged.
CONCLUSION:
On concluding that the city
had been built as having four entrances and two main roadways and four
temples safeguarding the four gateways there arose some problems.
The temples seen today were those demolished by the Porthugese. How
then to find out their locations during the period of
Nallur Rajdhani? As mentioned
earlier, when I arrived at the conclusion
that the region called the 'Muthirai
Santhai' (market place) must have been
the central part of the city, I
could see from the present city maps that
the distance between this point
and the Veiyilugandha pillayar temple and
also the distance between this central
region and the Sattanadhar temple
were exactly the same. Moreover,
the fact that the Veiyilugandha pillayar
temple was situated in the east
and the Sattanadhar in the west was also
taken note of (As for the rest of
the temples, that they were built in the
same way as mentioned earlier, in
the chapter on field research work, was
also taken note of) From these the
following conclusion's are arrived at:
As the distance to the sattanadhar
temple and to the Veiyilugandha
pillayar temple from the centre
place, i.e, 'Muthirai Santhai' ( the market
place), is exactly the same, these
two must have been rebuilt in their same
old locations or somewhere closeby.
2. As the Nallur Kandasami temple
was rebuilt in 'Kurukkal Valavu' it
could be that the Veeramaakaliyamman
temple and Kailasanadhar temple were
constructed having this as the central
point. The city layout of the
Rajdhani: Moreover, as the distance
of the Sattanadhar temple and that of
the Veiyilugandha pillayar temple
(from the royal market) is exactly the
same, and as the place where the
market place was located had been the
centre of the Rajdhani we can say
that the shape of the Nallur Rajdhani city
structure might have been either
square or circular. As from the available
informations and details on the
ancient architectural styles and norms of
the Hindus we come to Know that
the Hindus adopted the square-shape and
also, as the tamil kings were hindus
it was concluded that the Nallur
Rajdhani's architectural form was
square-shaped. As per the datas and
proofs given by the architectural
books of the Ancient Hindus we can
understand that the city was castewise
structured. Further, the names of
plots / lands that exist in today's
Nallur and the monuments there also lay
emphasis on this aspect it is understood
that Nallur Rajdhani too had been
built thus castewise structured.
(But, in truth, it should be seen as
vocation - based than of caste -
based division)
As per the informations imparted
by the ancient architectural writings
of the ancient hindus the north
and northwestern region were considered
proper for the brahmins and astrologers
and the eastern region for the king.
But, the informations gathered from
the field research work conducted in
Nallur tell us that in North western
region itself, locations proper and
suited for brahmins (Kurukkal Valavu)
and court bard (Arasakesari) and also
places like pandarakulam, Sangilian
thoppu, sangiliyan street etc did exist.
The reason for this could be the
fact that the main Nallur Kandan temple (the region where the church is
seen today) and its sacred pond were situated in the
Northeastern region. Further,
as the notes and references of the Porthugese
describe the Nallur Murugan temple
as a great grand shrine with forrtifying
walls, the land belonging to the
temple must have been of a huge area and
circumference. And, this would
have posed some difficulties. This could
have been the reason for most of
the places that were proper for the royalty
to have been established in the
Northwest region. Still, there might have
been some places belonging to the
king in the northwest region also.
Pandian maaligai varalaru (Pandian
palace) that is seen in this region lends
strength to this contention.
That the region belonging to those
like the goldsmiths and such other
craftsmen must have been in the
southeast side. So opine the architectural
books of the Ancient hindus.
As lending credibility to this claim we come
across the dyers' street and such
other places belonging to the labour class
in the south-eastern region of Nallur.
Likewise, the soldiers and the
palace staff must have dwelt in
the southwest region and the informations
gathered from field research work
and the architectural books of the ancient
hindus prove this point. As
the architectural books of the hindus say that
the market place should be in the
Northeast side of the city, the conclusion
that in Nallur Rajdhani also there
should have been a road round the
fortifying walls on its inner side,
was arrived at.
So far we have seen how the city
layout of the Nallur Rajdhani had been
planned and constructed. When
we look at the city structure of the ancient
hindus we see that some of them
were built as temple-cities and some others
as Rajdhanis (capital cities).
In Nallur Rajdhani's case our research work
proves that it was structured in
such a way as to be atonce a temple city
and also a Rajdhani. This
is the reason why Nallur Rajdhani's city layout
differs from that of the other cities.
And, this is its significant aspect
too.
1.Veiyilugandha Pillayar temple
2. Nallur Kandhan temple
3. Kailasanadhar temple (DIAGRAM)
4.Sattanadhar temple
5. Veeramaakaaliyamman temple
6.The main junction close to the
Royal market place.
Reference books
:
Yaazhpaana Vaibhavamaalai
- edited by Kulasapaanaadhan
Yaazhpaana Charithram
- Mudaliar Se. Rasanayakam
Yaazhpaana Charithram
- Aa. Muthuthambi – pillai
(The history of yaazhpaana) ezhathu
Thamizh Ilakkiya Valarchi
(The literary growth of Jaffna Tamil)
- Kalanidhi Ka.Se. Natarasa
Thamizh Manaiyadi Sasthram
- P.S. Aacharya
((The Sasthras of Tamils for
laying foundation for house)
Thamizhagam - Oorum Paerum
- Ra. Pi. Sethupillai
Conquest of Ceylon
- Queroz. F Vol. 184
Tamils and Ceylon
- C.S. Navarathnam
The kingdom of Jaffna
- S. Pathmanathan.
Urban and Regional planning
- Rame Gowda.
Urban Geography
- Prof. Jeyasingam.
Early Christianity in Ceylon
- Fr. Rev. peiris, Fr. Meersman.
Living Architecture - Indian
- Andreas Volwashen.
Monumental Art and Architecture
of India - K. Sundaram.
The arts and crafts of India and
Ceylon - Ananda coomarasamy.
ESSAYS
1.Yaazhpaana Rachiyam - Kalanidhi
C.K. Sitrambalam
2. Vaiyapaadal - Kalanidhi K. S.
Natarasa
3. Yaazhpaanathu Periyakoil - K.
Gunarasa)
4. Yaazhpaanam Endra peyar thoendriyadhe
evvaaru?
(How the name
Yaazhpaana came into being?) - M. K. A. Anthanisil
5. 'Yaazhpaanam endra peyarin kaaranam
patriya karuthaaivu' (analysing the
origin and source
of the name Yaazhpaana) - Kalanidhi K. S. Natarasa
6.'Eelam and the Hindu Religion'
- Polanaruvaik kaalam - Kalanidhi.
C.K.Sitrambalam
7. The Kings of Jaffna during Porthugese
period - swami Gnanaprakasar.
8. Nila Alavaith thinaikala Varaipadangal
(Land Survey Plans from the Dept.
of Surveying), (Diagrams of the
different length and breath of space for
different divisions of land).
Jaffna Town planning Assessment Surveys:
Sheet No. A2/45/4w, A2/45/3E.
9.Rowland De Sylva's essay on Anuradhapura
Town Planning. |