| Chapter
1: Nallur And The City of Singai
We
can name the City of Singai and Nallur as those which had the honour of
being the capital during the reign of Aryan emperors. When ‘Naga Arasargal’
(Naga Kings) were ruling, Kandharodai which was called ‘Kadhiramalai’,
was enjoying the Rajdhani status. Those who rose up to that status afterwards
ere these cities mentioned above- The cities of Singai and Nallur. It is
evident that regarding these cities some confusion is prevailing amidst
the historical researchers.One set of them are of the opinion that both
those places are one and the same. But, the other set believe that both
those two cities were separate and both of them enjoyed the status of Rajdhanis
in two different period of time. As per Dr.C.K.Sitrambalam, Nallur and
the City of Singai are but one and the same. 'Generally, it can be said
that Nallur was also called the City of Singai '(Article - Ceylon Kingdom
- Eela Murasu,Canada, 25.2.94). From the proof provided by fr.Queroz ,
a note is there speaking of a well-fortified place named Chunguinayanar,
that is Singai City, on the way from the shore to Nallur. And, it is this
place which is the Singai City or Nallur that appear in Tamil Books, Kottagama
Tamil charter and the stone inscriptions of Tamilnadu (Eela Murasu 11.3.94).
Kailaya Malai which was believed to have been written by one Muthukkavirasar
by the end of the 16th Century, or in the beginning of the 17th century,
tells us of the history of Singai Ariyan I making Nallur as the capital
of his empire. According to Swami Gnanaprakasar, Mudaliar-Se.Rasanayagam,
Dr. K.S.Natarasa and such others, Nallur and the city of Singai are two
different cities. 'Historians claim that in Ceylon the reign of Arya
Emperor had come into being in 13 A.D. And those kings of that Empire acquiring
the titles Segarasasekaran, Pararasasekaran one after another, ruled the
country from the City of Singai for a while, and afterwards from Nallur..',
(K.S.Natarasa’s Ceylon Tamil’s Literary Growth and Development. Page.6)
'Unaware of Parakramabagu’s evil design Shenbagaperumal went to Jaffna
and,
as the old capital was destroyed,
established a new city in Nallur in 1450 A.D. and with the Sinhalese title
Srirangabodhi Bhuvanesubagu, ruled for Seventeen years...'(Mudaliar
Rasanayaka’s ‘The History of Jaffna’, page 75). In the book ‘Yaazhpaana
Vaibava Maalai ‘which was written on the basis of such works as Kailayamaalai
and Vaiyapaadal, Mayilvaganappulavar himself says that Singaiaariyaarasan
(The first aryan king) established the capital of his kingdom in Nallur
itself. Of these two different view points prevailing about Nallur and
Singainagar the contention of such people as Swami. Gnanaprakasar, Mudaliar
Se.Rasanayagam, and Ka.Se. Natarasa that Nallur and the City of Singai
were two different cities has acceptability. And, for this the following
reasons can be given.
1)In a stone-cutting that was found
in a place called Kottagama in Kekalai the following is inscribed.(“kangganamver
kanniyanaiyar kaatinar kamar valaip pongoli neerch singai nagarariyar”
) In this ‘Venba’ (a species of verse form), of the phrase that glorified
as ‘pongoli neerch singai nagarariyar ‘ (‘ Ariyar of singai City
of thundering towering water).
Se. Rasanayagam has this to say:
‘..
It is this Ukkirasingam who had paved the way for the enhancement of Singai
Nagar as the Rajdhani for many Aryan emperors successively. As it is glorified
as (@’pongoli neerch singai nagar’) , it becomes evident that Singai nagar
was the ocean banks filled with the sound of waves. And the place so situated
was established beyond doubt with the help of those very many buildings
constructed in Aryan style of architecture which lie hidden under the sand
along the seashore of the Temple of Vallipura and also those very many
signs that were found in that area..'. (The History of Jaffna 235-
236) Swami Gnanaprakasar’s perception is also the same.
2)The well-known muslim traveller
‘Ibin Bathootha’, in his notes had called the Aryan king as the Sultan
of Srilanka and had spoken of the king as having a naval force with a lot
of ships. And the aryan kings who had strong naval force must have established
their capital close to the port only. Seen in this light Vallipuram is
a better port,stronger city than Nallur. Kailayamaalai calls Nallur as
Nallaimoodhoor. This tells of the past glory and ancientness of Nallur.
We can see that during the reign of first Rajendra Chola itself Nallur
was a place of pilgrimage with temple. Dr. K. Indirabala had already
under-taken various research works regarding the stone-cutting of Rajendra
Chola the First of this Dr. Si.Su. Sitrambalam says the following: “In
this stone-cutting ‘Santhan’ is shown as one who had given various charities.
The animals that he had given away to the Hindu temple situated in Nallur
are recorded in this”. (Sinthanai-Jaffna University Literarypublication
Department of Arts and culture July 1984, page 121). And, it is doubtful
whether Nallur which was already having past glory and name would have
been called the city of Singai. Taking into account all these aspects and
arguments the contention that Nallur and the city of Singai were two different
places holds good. |
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